tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57385450593688395902024-03-14T08:14:36.665-07:00Somethings Usefulld'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-82137128845675777652010-10-02T06:23:00.000-07:002010-10-02T07:08:37.984-07:003 Simple Ways to Discover New Business Ideas<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlngitOJpAAxhjjCpOzy-Xkg23PPGwpwCfLJVZrUYtXeLwcAw6VyzWOraGNJ5HnXi-6JmpYqZ86PCx3QezEd9FHRVjKUqKGQ_gb2A8DGJisiQPCHoIlr4rq8rSPAXV0LRGan2uXXJ25qo/s1600/ide-bisnis.jpg"><img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 158px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlngitOJpAAxhjjCpOzy-Xkg23PPGwpwCfLJVZrUYtXeLwcAw6VyzWOraGNJ5HnXi-6JmpYqZ86PCx3QezEd9FHRVjKUqKGQ_gb2A8DGJisiQPCHoIlr4rq8rSPAXV0LRGan2uXXJ25qo/s320/ide-bisnis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5523439243776880818" border="0" /></a><br />Everybody can get a brilliant business ideas that will let you get lot of money. That ideas can be found anywhere from internet to your neighborhood.<br /><br />You get what I mean?<br /><br />Discovering business idea is when you found a problem and know the solution, then it will became a new business chance. Yes, discovering business idea is as simple as that.<br /><br />Let we describe it in 3 simple ways..<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. See your surrounding.</span><br />This is the simplest way. No need to go anywhere, see your surrendering. Maybe there are internet service, restaurant, laundry, etc. Maybe there are 3 laundry near you but all of them still working right?<br />Got your business ideas? But as advise if you want to start a business that already there on your place, <span style="font-weight: bold;">create some difference to make your business unique</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Make a business from your hobby</span><br />You like to play guitar? Make a business from that ability. Do what you like and start a business from that one. Make your hobby into a monetized hobby. So you will never feel bored to do that business. Easy isn't it?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Teach other people and pick some charge</span><br />Maybe you great at web design or foreign language, you can teach it to other people via online, and pick some charge. You can give lecture to your student just by sit in front of your computer. How's that?:D<br /><br />Many people has succeeded in internet business. Want to be the one? Start have <a href="http://formulabisnis.com/depan.php?id=darch_by">3 formula to get money from internet.</a>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-89100168584923648792010-10-01T08:27:00.000-07:002010-10-01T08:39:27.121-07:00Strategi meningkatkan profitKebanyakan produk yang selama ini ditawarkan lewat <a title="Marketing Jalanan: Mungkinkah untuk Bisnis Internet?" href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/2009/08/29/marketing-jalanan-mungkinkah-untuk-bisnis-internet/" target="_blank">marketing jalanan</a> adalah produk yang bersifat konsumtif. Lihat saat <a title="Tetap Semangat Berbisnis Internet di Bulan Puasa! " href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/2008/08/31/tetap-semangat-berbisnis-internet-di-bulan-puasa/" target="_blank">bulan puasa</a> seperti sekarang, mudah anda temui di pinggir jalan, para remaja yang menawarkan makanan atau minuman berbuka puasa. Di luar produk konsumtif, yang juga banyak ditawarkan lewat marketing jalanan adalah bisnis jasa seperti <a title="Website Bengkel Lengkap" href="http://www.bengkel.info/" target="_blank">bengkel</a> misalnya. <p>Lantas, bagaimana strategi marketing jalanan yang ampuh <a title="3 Jurus Jitu Meningkatkan Jumlah Pembeli Produk Anda" href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/2009/05/01/3-jurus-jitu-meningkatkan-jumlah-pembeli-produk-anda/" target="_blank">mendatangkan pembeli</a> dan meningkatkan profit secara telak?<span id="more-1589"></span></p> <ol><li><strong>Bentuk Tim Marketing yang Bertenaga.</strong> Carilah para anggota tim marketing yang penuh energi. Mengapa? Karena marketing jalanan cukup menguras energi. Karena itu sebaiknya anda rekrut orang-orang muda. Bisa anak sekolahan atau mereka yang masih kuliah.</li><li><strong>Tetapkan Target yang Jelas.</strong> Misalkan setiap marketer ditarget untuk mendatangi 10 rumah atau menemui 10 orang dalam satu jam dengan <a title="Bagaimana Melakukan Closing yang Pasti Berhasil Mendatangkan Penjualan" href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/2009/04/05/bagaimana-melakukan-closing-yang-pasti-berhasil-mendatangkan-penjualan/" target="_blank">target closing</a> minimal 30 persen.</li><li><strong>Buat Penawaran yang Tak Kuasa Ditolak Konsumen.</strong> Apakah itu? <strong>Penawaran yang sensasional! </strong>Ini merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan marketing jalanan. Berikan penawaran yang sensasional yang membuat konsumen tidak kuasa menolaknya. Kalau kata Mas <a title="Blog Motivasi Bisnis Bligus Ardhi" href="http://www.motivasi-bligus.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Bligus Ardhi</a> <a title="Penawaran adalah Inti Bisnis Internet Anda" href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/2009/04/27/penawaran-adalah-inti-bisnis-internet-anda/#comment-36655" target="_blank"> di sini</a> mengutip Tung Desem Waringin, penawaran sensasional bersandar pada USP (U = Ultimate Advantage, S = Sensational Offer, P = Powerful Promise).</li></ol> <p>Menerapkan marketing jalanan memiliki keunggulan pada kemudahan dalam mengukur tingkat efektivitasnya. Sebab, tidak harus menunggu sampai seminggu atau bahkan sebulan, anda bahkan bisa mengukur efektivitasnya berdasar ukuran setiap jam. Marketing jalanan merupakan pendobrak bila segala macam upaya <a title="Category Marketing and Advertising" href="http://www.jokosusilo.com/category/marketing-and-advertising/" target="_blank">marketing online</a> yang selama ini anda lakukan belum membuahkan hasil memuaskan.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-6379657763681450832009-02-11T00:15:00.000-08:002009-02-11T00:17:54.222-08:00Carbon tetraiodideCarbon tetraiodide is CI4, a tetrahalomethane. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon. The tetrahedral molecule features C-I distances of 2.12 ± 0.02 Å. The molecule is slightly crowded with short I---I contacts of 3.459 ± 0.03 Å, and possibly for this reason, it is thermally and photochemically unstable. Hexaiodoethane is unknown, probably for the same reason.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Properties, synthesis, uses</span><br />CI4 is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I2. Otherwise it is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to tetraiodoethylene, I2C=CI2. Its synthesis entails AlCl3-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at room temperature:<br /><br />CCl4 + 4 EtI ? CI4 + 4 EtCl<br /><br />The product crystallizes from the reaction solution.<br />CI4 is used as an iodination reagent, often upon reaction with base. Ketones are converted to 1,1-diiodoethenes upon treatment with PPh3 and CI4. Alcohols are converted in and to iodide, by a mechanism similar to the Appel reaction. In an Appel reaction carbon tetrachloride is used to generate the chloride from alcohols.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Safety considerations</span><br />Manufacturers recommend that CI4 be stored near 0 °C. As a ready source of iodine, it is an irritant. LD50: 178 mg kg–1. In general perhalogenated organic compounds should be considered toxic.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-71249025983595294622009-02-11T00:10:00.000-08:002009-02-11T00:13:31.846-08:00Calcium fluorideCalcium fluoride (CaF2) is an insoluble ionic compound of calcium and fluorine. It occurs naturally as the mineral fluorite (also called fluorspar), and it is the source of most of the world's fluorine. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen fluoride:<br />CaF2(s) + H2SO4(l) ? CaSO4(s) + 2 HF(g) This is the reaction used to produce hydrogen fluoride in industry.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Applications</span><br />Calcium fluoride is commonly used as a window material for both infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths, since it is transparent in these regions (about 0.15 µm to 9 µm) and exhibits extremely weak birefringence. Nevertheless, at wavelengths as low as 157 nm, which are interesting to semiconductor manufacturers, the birefringence of calcium fluoride exceeds tolerable limits. This may be overcome by minimizing birefringence by optimimizing the growth process. It is particularly important as an ultraviolet optical material for integrated circuit lithography. Canon also uses artificially-crystallized calcium fluoride elements in some of its L-series lenses to reduce light dispersion. As an infrared optical material, calcium fluoride is sometimes known by the Eastman Kodak trademarked name Irtran-3, although this designation is long since obsolete.<br />Uranium-doped calcium fluoride was the second type of solid state laser invented, in the 1960s. Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson at IBM's laboratories in Yorktown Heights, New York, achieved lasing at 2.5 µm shortly after Maiman's ruby laser.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-39143624586940135692009-02-11T00:07:00.000-08:002009-02-11T00:09:32.724-08:00BromoformBromoform (CHBr3) is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor, a halomethane. Small amounts are formed naturally by plants in the ocean. It is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air. Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.<br />Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States. In the past, it was used as a solvent and flame retardant, but now it is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.<br />Bromoform is one of the trihalomethanes closely related with fluoroform, chloroform and iodoform.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-30434868227827237562009-02-11T00:04:00.000-08:002009-02-11T00:06:26.846-08:00BromineBromine (Greek: brómos, meaning "stench (of he-goats)"), is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at standard room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine. This element is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. Bromine vapors are very toxic upon inhalation.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Notable characteristics</span><br />Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature and one of five elements on the period table that are liquid at or close to room temperature. The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic molecule, Br2. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures in a red vapor (its color resembles nitrogen dioxide) that has a strong disagreeable odor resembling that of chlorine. A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less active. It is more active than iodine, however. Bromine is slightly soluble in water, and highly soluble in carbon disulfide, aliphatic alcohols (such as methanol), and acetic acid. It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action.<br />Bromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, alkenes and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution reactions). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than hydrated bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminum, titanium, mercury as well as alkaline earth metals and alkaline metals.<br />Due to its contribution to ozone depletion in Earth's atmosphere, bromine has been evaluated to have an ozone depletion potential of 60 when compared to chlorine.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Applications</span><br />Elemental bromine is used to manufacture a wide variety of bromine compounds used in industry and agriculture. Traditionally the largest use of bromine was in the production of 1,2-dibromoethane which in turn was used as a gasoline anti-knock agent for leaded gasoline before they were largely phased out due to environmental considerations.<br />Bromine is also used in the manufacture of fumigants, brominated flame-retardants, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. It is also used to form intermediates in organic synthesis, where it is preferred to iodine due to its much lower cost.<br />Bromine is used to make brominated vegetable oil, which is used as an emulsifier in many citrus-flavored soft drinks.<br />Aqueous bromine is orange and can be used in tests for alkenes and phenols.<br />• When added to an alkene it will lose its color as it reacts forming a colorless bromoalkane. For example, reaction with ethylene will produce 1,2-dibromoethane.<br />• When added to phenol a white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, will form. With aniline, 2,4,6 tribromoaniline will precipitate (even in water)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span><br />Bromine was discovered by Antoine Balard at the salt marshes of Montpellier in 1826 but was not produced in quantity until 1860. The French chemist and physicist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac suggested the name bromine due to the characteristic smell of the vapors.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Occurrence</span><br />Bromine occurs in nature as bromide salts in very diffuse amounts in crystal rock. Due to leaching, bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (85 ppm), and may be economically recovered from brine wells and the Dead Sea (up to 5000 ppm).<br />Approximately 500 million kilograms ($350 million USD) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the United States and Israel being the primary producers. The largest bromine reserve in the United States is located in Columbia and Union County, Arkansas.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Safety</span><br />Elemental bromine is a strong irritant and, in concentrated form, will produce painful blisters on exposed skin and especially mucous membranes. Even low concentrations of bromine vapor (from 10 ppm) can affect breathing, and inhalation of significant amounts of bromine can seriously damage the respiratory system.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-35689476034433294852009-02-10T23:58:00.000-08:002009-02-11T00:03:18.951-08:00AstatineAstatine is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol At and atomic number 85. This radioactive element occurs naturally from uranium-235 and uranium-238 decay; it is the heaviest of the halogens.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Notable characteristics</span><br />This highly radioactive element has been confirmed by mass spectrometers to behave chemically much like other halogens, especially iodine (it would probably accumulate in the thyroid gland like iodine). Astatine is thought to be more metallic than iodine. Researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have performed experiments that have identified and measured elementary reactions that involve astatine; however, chemical research into astatine is limited by its extreme rarity, which is a result of its extremely short half-life.<br />Astatine is the rarest naturally-occurring element, with the total amount in Earth's crust estimated to be less than 1 oz (28 g) at any given time; this amounts to less than one teaspoon of the element. The Guinness Book of Records has dubbed the element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 0.9 oz (25 g) of the element astatine (At) occurring naturally"; Isaac Asimov wrote a 1955 essay on large numbers, scientific notation, and the size of the atom, in which he stated that the number of astatine atoms on Earth at any time was "only a trillion".<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span><br />The existence of "eka-iodine" had been predicted by Mendeleev. Astatine (after Greek astat?? astatos, meaning "unsteady") was first synthesized in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley by barraging bismuth with alpha particles. An earlier name for the element was alabamine (Ab).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Occurrence</span><br />Astatine is produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain relatively long-lived 209At - 211At, which can then be distilled from the target by heating in the presence of air.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Compounds</span><br />Multiple compounds of astatine have been synthesized in microscopic amounts and studied as intensively as possible before their inevitable radioactive disintegration. These compounds are primarily of theoretical interest; however, they are also being studied for potential use in nuclear medicine.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Isotopes</span><br />Astatine has 33 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; the range of their mass numbers is from 191 to 223. There exist also 23 metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is 210At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the shortest-lived known isotope is 213At, which has a half-life of 125 nanoseconds.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Boiling point</span><br />The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. A liquid may change to a gas at temperatures below the boiling point through the process of evaporation. Any change of state from a liquid to a gas at boiling point is considered vaporization. However, evaporation is a surface phenomenon, in which only molecules located near the gas/liquid surface could evaporate. Boiling on the other hand is a bulk process, so at the boiling point molecules anywhere in the liquid may be vaporized, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles.<br />somewhat clearer (and perhaps more useful) definition of boiling point is "the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure of the surroundings."<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The reaction</span><br />Something that should be remembered is that boiling is evidenced by the appearance of bubbles containing vapor from the liquid. [Note: The bubbles that precede real boiling in the pot on the stove are either (formerly) dissolved gas or water vapor forming on the very hot bottom of the pot that will be condensed before it can get to the top of the liquid.] Production of vapor requires energy and thus does not occur without some source of energy. This source can be a hot surface or even the liquid itself. Hot liquid will boil as it rises through the bulk liquid if the pressure of the environment drops to the vapor pressure of the liquid at its temperature. This production of vapor will not quickly stop because the temperature of the liquid will not be reduced by the vaporization thus reducing the vapor pressure.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Saturation temperature and pressure</span><br />A saturated liquid or saturated vapor contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.<br />Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase change.<br />If the pressure in a system remains constant (isobaric), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied.<br />The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the substance equals the ambient pressure. Thus the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Usually, boiling points are published with respect to standard pressure (101.325 kilopascals or 1 atm). At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The boiling point increases with increased ambient pressure up to the critical point, where the gas and liquid properties become identical. The boiling point cannot be increased beyond the critical point. Likewise, the boiling point decreases with decreasing ambient pressure until the triple point is reached. The boiling point cannot be reduced below the triple point.<br />Saturation Pressure, or vapor point, is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship: as saturation pressure is increased so is saturation temperature.<br />If the temperature in a system remains constant (an isothermal system), vapor at saturation pressure and temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as the system pressure is increased. Similarly, a liquid at saturation pressure and temperature will tend to flash into its vapor phase as system pressure is decreased.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Latent heat</span><br />The process of changing from a liquid to a gas requires an amount of heat called the latent heat of vaporization. As heat is added to a liquid at its boiling point, all of this heat goes toward the phase change from liquid to gas, thus the temperature of the substance remains constant even though heat has been added. The word latent, which comes from Latin and means hidden, is used to describe this "disappearing" heat that is added, but doesn't result in an increase in temperature. Since heat is added with no corresponding change in temperature, the heat capacity of the liquid is essentially infinite at the boiling point.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Intermolecular interactions</span><br />In terms of intermolecular interactions, the boiling point represents the point at which the liquid molecules possess enough heat energy to overcome the various intermolecular attractions binding the molecules into the liquid (eg. dipole-dipole attraction, instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonds). Therefore the boiling point is also an indicator of the strength of these attractive forces.<br />The boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F) at standard pressure. On top of Mount Everest the pressure is about 260 mbar (26 kPa) so the boiling point of water is 69 °C.<br />For purists with a knowledge of thermodynamics, the normal boiling point of water is 99.97 degrees Celsius (at a pressure of 1 atm, i.e. 101.325 kPa). Until 1982 this was also the standard boiling point of water, but the IUPAC now recommends a standard pressure of 1 bar (100 kPa). At this slightly reduced pressure, the standard boiling point of water is 99.61 degrees Celsius<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Properties of other elements</span><br />The element with the lowest boiling point is helium. Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure. Due to the experimental difficulty of precisely measuring extreme temperatures without bias, there is some discrepancy in the literature as to whether tungsten or rhenium has the higher boiling point.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-15599339858069631692009-02-10T23:54:00.000-08:002009-02-10T23:57:09.020-08:00Ammonium chlorateAmmonium chlorate, NH4ClO3, is obtained by neutralizing chloric acid with either ammonia or ammonium carbonate, or by precipitating barium, strontium or calcium chlorates with ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate, producing the respective carbonate or sulfate precipitate and an ammonium chlorate solution. Ammonium chlorate crystallizes in small needles, readily soluble in water. On heating, ammonium chlorate decomposes at about 102 °C, with liberation of nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen. It is soluble in dilute aqueous alcohol, but insoluble in strong alcohol. This compound is a strong oxidizer and should never be stored with flammable materials. This salt can form when ammonium compounds, such as ammonium nitrate, and chlorates, such as potassium chlorate, are combined (mechanically or in solution). Ammonium chlorate is a very unstable oxidizer and will decompose, sometimes violently, at room temperature. It will explode when exposed to sunlight for a few minutes. Even solutions are known to be unstable. Because of the dangerous nature of this salt it should only be kept in solution when needed, and never be allowed to crystallize.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-11794406868104992492008-12-29T23:40:00.000-08:002008-12-30T00:05:31.493-08:00Ammonium chlorate<p><b>Ammonium chlorate</b>, NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>3</sub> or ammonium cabonate, is obtained by neutralizing chloric acid with either ammonia, or by precipitating barium, strontium or calcium chlorates with ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate, producing the respective carbonate or sulfate precipitate and an ammonium chlorate solution. Ammonium chlorate crystallizes in small needles, readily soluble in water. On heating, ammonium chlorate decomposes at about 102 °C, with liberation of nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen. It is soluble in dilute aqueous alcohol, but insoluble in strong alcohol. This compound is a strong oxidizer and should never be stored with flammable materials. This salt can form when ammonium compounds, such as ammonium nitrate, and chlorates, such as pottasium chlotares, are combined (mechanically or in solution). <b>Ammonium chlorate</b> is a very unstable oxidizer and will decompose, sometimes violently, at room temperature. It will explode when exposed to sunlight for a few minutes. Even solutions are known to be unstable. Because of the dangerous nature of this salt it should only be kept in solution when needed, and never be allowed to crystallize.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-91191439926590681202008-12-29T23:25:00.000-08:002008-12-29T23:35:12.995-08:00Interaksi Antar Komponen<span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Interaksi antarkomponen ekologi dapatmerupakan interaksi antarorganisme,antarpopulasi, dan antarkomunitas.<br /></span><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>A. Interaksi antar organisme</b></span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Semua makhluk hidup selalu bergantung kepada makhluk hidup yang lain. Tiap individu akan selalu berhubungan dengan individu lain yang sejenis atau lain jenis, baik individu dalam satu populasinya atau individu-individu dari populasi lain. Interaksi demikian banyak kita lihat di sekitar kita.</span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Interaksi antar organisme dalam komunitas ada yang sangat erat dan ada yang kurang erat. Interaksi antarorganisme dapat dikategorikan sebagai berikut.</span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>a. Netral</b></span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Hubungan tidak saling mengganggu antarorganisme dalam habitat yang sama yang bersifat tidak menguntungkan dan tidak merugikan kedua belah pihak, disebut netral. Contohnya : antara capung dan sapi.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>b. Predasi</b></span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Predasi adalah hubungan antara mangsa dan pemangsa (predator). Hubungan ini sangat erat sebab tanpa mangsa, predator tak dapat hidup. Sebaliknya, predator juga berfungsi sebagai pengontrol populasi mangsa. Contoh : Singa dengan mangsanya, yaitu kijang, rusa,dan burung hantu dengan tikus.</span></p> <p align="justify"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">c. Parasitisme</span></b><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Parasitisme adalah hubungan antarorganisme yang berbeda spesies, bilasalah satu organisme hidup pada organisme lain dan mengambil makanan dari hospes/inangnya sehingga bersifat merugikan inangnya.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">contoh : <i>Plasmodium </i>dengan manusia, <i>Taeniasaginata </i>dengan sapi, dan benalu dengan pohon inang. Perhatikan Gambar 6.15 </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>d. Komensalisme<br /></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Komensalisme merupakan hubunganantara dua organisme yang berbeda spesies dalam bentuk kehidupan bersama untuk berbagi sumber makanan; salah satu spesies diuntungkan dan spesies lainnya tidak dirugikan. Contohnya anggrek dengan pohon yang ditumpanginya.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>e. Mutualisme</b></span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Mutualisme adalah hubungan antara dua organisme yang berbeda spesies yang saling menguntungkan kedua belah pihak. Contoh, bakteri <i>Rhizobium </i>yang hidup pada bintil akar kacang-kacangan.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>B. Interaksi Antarpopulasi</b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Antara populasi yang satu dengan populasi lain selalu terjadi interaksi secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam komunitasnya.Contoh interaksi antarpopulasi adalah sebagai berikut.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><i><b>Alelopati</b> </i>merupakan interaksi antarpopulasi, bila populasi yang satu menghasilkan zat yang dapat menghalangi tumbuhnya populasi lain. Contohnya, di sekitar pohon walnut (juglans) jarang ditumbuhi tumbuhan lain karena tumbuhan ini menghasilkan zat yang bersifat toksik. Pada mikroorganisme istilah alelopati dikenal sebagai <i>anabiosa.</i>Contoh, jamur <i>Penicillium sp. </i>dapat menghasilkan antibiotika yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri tertentu.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><i><b>Kompetisi </b></i>merupakan interaksi antarpopulasi, bila antarpopulasi terdapat kepentingan yang sama sehingga terjadi persaingan untuk mendapatkan apa yang diperlukan. Contoh, persaingan antara populasi kambing dengan populasi sapi di padang rumput.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>C. Interaksi Antar Komunitas<br /></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Komunitas adalah kumpulan populasi yang berbeda di suatu daerah yang sama dan saling berinteraksi. Contoh komunitas, misalnya komunitas sawah dan sungai. Komunitas sawah disusun oleh bermacam-macam organisme, misalnya padi, belalang, burung, ular, dan gulma. Komunitas sungai</span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"> terdiri dari ikan, ganggang, zooplankton, fitoplankton, dan dekomposer. Antara komunitas sungai dan sawah terjadi interaksi dalam bentuk peredaran nutrien dari air sungai ke sawah dan peredaran organisme hidup dari kedua komunitas tersebut.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Interaksi antarkomunitas cukup komplek karena tidak hanya melibatkan organisme, tapi juga aliran energi dan makanan. Interaksi antarkomunitas dapat kita amati, misalnya pada daur karbon. Daur karbon melibatkan ekosistem yang berbeda misalnya laut dan darat. Lihat Gambar 6.16.</span></p><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"><b>D. </b><b>Interaksi Antarkomponen Biotik dengan Abiotik<br /></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Interaksi antara komponen biotik dengan abiotik membentuk ekosistem. Hubunganantara organisme dengan lingkungannya menyebabkan terjadinya aliran energi dalam sistem itu. Selain aliran energi, di dalam ekosistem terdapat juga struktur atau tingkat trofik, keanekaragaman biotik, serta siklus materi.</span> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;">Dengan adanya interaksi-interaksi tersebut, suatu ekosistem dapat mempertahankan keseimbangannya. Pengaturan untuk menjamin terjadinya keseimbangan ini merupakan ciri khas suatu ekosistem. Apabila keseimbangan ini tidak diperoleh maka akan mendorong terjadinya dinamika perubahan ekosistem untuk mencapai keseimbangan baru.</span></p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-77445783118607024682008-12-29T23:01:00.000-08:002008-12-29T23:15:13.419-08:00Sistem urin<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqnDBCYaVuE2JqhYfygc-UcTQgwkyZH3_8R6Kmt8mydIxPFPkPFktyLaBMHym13bi1I2QoRO15vdTeMFLS4YFfl_T9plaqrv3I0DvXMZDPZXlDeHHp1m2tsm3nsWXG0UOBOFmoJ6fiYMA/s1600-h/180px-Kidneys_from_behind.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 151px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqnDBCYaVuE2JqhYfygc-UcTQgwkyZH3_8R6Kmt8mydIxPFPkPFktyLaBMHym13bi1I2QoRO15vdTeMFLS4YFfl_T9plaqrv3I0DvXMZDPZXlDeHHp1m2tsm3nsWXG0UOBOFmoJ6fiYMA/s200/180px-Kidneys_from_behind.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285477374721334354" border="0" /></a><br /><b>Sistem urin</b> adalah sistem organ yang memproduksi, menyimpan, dan mengalirkan urin<span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span>. Pada manusia, sistem ini terdiri dari dua ginjal, dua ureter, kandung kemih, dua otot <i>sphincter</i>, dan uretra.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-54857171921922733032008-12-29T22:47:00.000-08:002008-12-29T22:57:38.447-08:00Sistem rangka<p><b>Sistem rangka</b> adalah suatu sistem organ yang memberikan dukungan fisik pada makhluk hidup. Sistem rangka umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga tipe: eksternal, internal, dan basis cairan (rangka hidrostatik), walaupun sistem rangka hidrostatik dapat pula dikelompokkan secara terpisah dari dua jenis lainnya karena tidak adanya struktur penunjang.</p> <p>Rangka manusia dibentuk dari tulang tunggal atau gabungan (seperti tengkorak) yang ditunjang oleh struktur lain seperti ligamen, tendon, otot, dan organ lainnya. Rata-rata manusia dewasa memiliki 206 tulang, walaupun jumlah ini dapat bervariasi antara individu.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-2955154792207681622008-12-29T22:34:00.000-08:002008-12-29T22:46:12.918-08:00Cardiovascular sytem<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9LBUlc0E4MN8sSB7u70y_DipaWpQHl9LnA_dVB2BP6Dhic1AFZFkUb2m2PiC28rSekMvbBnl4s_oFXjxiSNo-tdzK56NU-CLSKIoOLUDs3YpAHUPxyaSF5UHmvuiTFnikpWiffzR7Z0/s1600-h/180px-Grafik_blutkreislauf.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 117px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9LBUlc0E4MN8sSB7u70y_DipaWpQHl9LnA_dVB2BP6Dhic1AFZFkUb2m2PiC28rSekMvbBnl4s_oFXjxiSNo-tdzK56NU-CLSKIoOLUDs3YpAHUPxyaSF5UHmvuiTFnikpWiffzR7Z0/s200/180px-Grafik_blutkreislauf.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285468363743271906" border="0" /></a><br /><b>Cardiovascular</b> <b>system </b>or <b>circulation</b> <b>system </b> is a system that used to move things from and into cell. This system also help to stabilizing body pH and temperature(part of homeostasis). There are three kind of circulation system:without circulation, open circulation system, and closed circulation system.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-65143950603351021512008-12-29T22:15:00.001-08:002008-12-29T23:23:47.780-08:00Sistem saraf<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://free.vlsm.org/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Biologi/Image/2-9e.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 380px; height: 499px;" src="http://free.vlsm.org/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Biologi/Image/2-9e.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><p><b>Sistem saraf</b> pada hewan mengkoordinasikan aktivitas otot, memonitor organ, membentuk dan juga menghentikan masukan dari indra, dan mengaktifkan aksi. Komponen utama dalam sistem saraf adalah neutron dan saraf, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam koordinasi. Pada makhluk yang tidak memiliki otak, sistem saraf tidak menghasilkan atau menjalankan pikiran, gerakan dan emosi (lumpuh).</p> <p>Sistem saraf pada manusia dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu saraf otak<span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span>, saraf sumsum tulang belakang, dan saraf tepi. Saraf otak dan saraf sumsum tulang belakang adalah saraf pusat. Pada saraf tepi, saraf menghubungkan antara saraf pusat dengan indera dan otot. Saraf otak ibarat <i>chip</i> dalam komputer. Sistem saraf sendiri merupakan cabang dari sistem koordinasi selain sistem hormon dan sistem otot.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-73305695192489440022008-12-29T22:04:00.000-08:002008-12-29T22:06:51.228-08:00Sistem Pernafasan<b>Sistem pernapasan</b> atau <b>sistem respirasi</b> adalah sistem organ yang digunakan untuk pertukaran gas. Pada hewan berkaki empat, sistem pernapasan umumnya termasuk saluran yang digunakan untuk membawa udara ke dalam paru-paru di mana terjadi pertukaran gas. Diafragma menarik udara masuk dan juga mengeluarkannya. Berbagai variasi sistem pernapasan ditemukan pada berbagai jenis makhluk hidup.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-57772261897210910292008-12-29T21:56:00.000-08:002008-12-29T22:02:38.552-08:00Sistem pencernaan<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnO851lk7WBP0_-tm8ogTR4gBh2rEsrHgZgYyKA0geVJFFw4qd_BEU77oJ2qz766zvjLvcb0ne_v4ZvgiLATKJceqxQg1nFFHkmRxFXQ__pH5h8aJD3wqMooHA3DDM_K5yDyUvkxr3DKc/s1600-h/180px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 180px; height: 188px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnO851lk7WBP0_-tm8ogTR4gBh2rEsrHgZgYyKA0geVJFFw4qd_BEU77oJ2qz766zvjLvcb0ne_v4ZvgiLATKJceqxQg1nFFHkmRxFXQ__pH5h8aJD3wqMooHA3DDM_K5yDyUvkxr3DKc/s200/180px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285458691861860210" border="0" /></a><br /><b>Sistem pencernaan</b> atau <b>sistem gastroinstestin</b>, adalah sistem organ dalam hewan multisel yang menerima makanan, mencernanya menjadi energi dan nutrien, serta mengeluarkan sisa proses tersebut. Sistem pencernaan antara satu hewan dengan yang lainnya bisa sangat jauh berbeda.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-85966441146202952322008-12-29T21:45:00.000-08:002008-12-29T21:48:47.090-08:00Sistem Limfatik<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7idu3Z5SS5ZyrYtcbN6nFrM2DwFIMoz8FyYT6LXDGE0H9m8iYlNiLTrhpCgzdVoIjUXvL2HVBm9HUuPOsuFONpSiOMN_DUBYq7bhdOznu1m7plHFKxZ1haH438Unp-timhBWlnZgWEE/s1600-h/180px-Lymphatic_system.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 172px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7idu3Z5SS5ZyrYtcbN6nFrM2DwFIMoz8FyYT6LXDGE0H9m8iYlNiLTrhpCgzdVoIjUXvL2HVBm9HUuPOsuFONpSiOMN_DUBYq7bhdOznu1m7plHFKxZ1haH438Unp-timhBWlnZgWEE/s200/180px-Lymphatic_system.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285455592031793186" border="0" /></a><br /><b>Sistem limfatik</b> adalah suatu sistem sirkulasi sekunder yang berfungsi mengalirkan limfa atau getah bening di dalam tubuh. Limfa berasal dari plasma darah yang keluar dari sistem kardiovaskular ke dalam jaringan sekitarnya. Cairan ini kemudian dikumpulkan oleh sistem limfa melalui proses difusi ke dalam kelenjar limfa dan dikembalikan ke dalam sistem sirkulasi.d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-50472870880998773082008-12-29T21:36:00.000-08:002008-12-29T21:42:37.336-08:00Sistem Integumen<b>Sistem integumen</b> adalah sistem organ yang membedakan, memisahkan, melindungi, dan menginformasikan hewan terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya. Sistem ini seringkali merupakan bagian sistem organ yang terbesar yang mencakup kulit, rambut, bulu, sisik, kuku, kelenjar keringat dan produknya (keringat <span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span>atau lendir). Kata ini berasal dari bahasa latin "<i>integumentum</i>", yang berarti "penutup".d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-35481059875612225672008-12-29T21:31:00.001-08:002008-12-29T21:35:59.854-08:00Sistem Imunitas<b>Sistem kekebalan</b> atau <b>sistem imun</b> adalah sistem perlindungan pengaruh luar biologis yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ khusus pada suatu organisme. Jika sistem kekebalan bekerja dengan benar, sistem ini akan melindungi tubuh terhadap infeksi bakteri dan virus, serta menghancurkan sel kanker dan zat asing lain dalam tubuh. Jika sistem kekebalan melemah, kemampuannya melindungi tubuh juga berkurang, sehingga menyebabkan patogen, termasuk virus yang menyebabkan demam dan flu, dapat berkembang dalam tubuh. Sistem kekebalan juga memberikan pengawasan terhadap sel tumor, dan terhambatnya sistem ini juga telah dilaporkan meningkatkan resiko terkena beberapa jenis kankerd'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-1220722638513187062008-12-29T21:06:00.000-08:002008-12-29T21:29:14.002-08:00sistem endokrin<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cSizdHwjG65r4c2BjpuX0hjORLin_l-YfKrLkdgBIeUOyLN9XOnnNHt6IT8GSbGyDT5ic6RBexxTsfSma28e4z-JyZzuDvJy0DaJuj6Va6SeyEu_C8WZ8AYIqKDBYnIhrCaQjO39XxY/s1600-h/180px-Illu_endocrine_system.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 124px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3cSizdHwjG65r4c2BjpuX0hjORLin_l-YfKrLkdgBIeUOyLN9XOnnNHt6IT8GSbGyDT5ic6RBexxTsfSma28e4z-JyZzuDvJy0DaJuj6Va6SeyEu_C8WZ8AYIqKDBYnIhrCaQjO39XxY/s200/180px-Illu_endocrine_system.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285449593062015634" border="0" /></a><br /><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Sistem endokrin</b> adalah sistem kontrol kelenjar tanpa saluran (<i>ductless</i>) yang menghasilkan hormon yang tersirkulasi di tubuh melalui aliran darah untuk mempengaruhi organ-organ lain. Hormon bertindak sebagai "pembawa pesan" dan dibawa oleh aliran darah ke berbagai sel dalam tubuh, yang selanjutnya akan menerjemahkan "pesan" tersebut menjadi suatu tindakan. Sistem endokrin tidak memasukkan kelenjar eksokrin seperti kelenjar ludah, kelenjar keringat, dan kelenjar-kelenjar lain dalam saluran gastroinstestin<br /></p> <p>Cabang kedokteran yang mempelajari kelainan pada kelenjar endokrin disebut endokrinologi, suatu cabang ilmu kedokteran yang cakupannya lebih luas dibandingkan dengan penyakit dalam.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-44519949806285610942008-12-09T23:58:00.000-08:002008-12-10T00:02:04.324-08:00Soal Biologi<div align="center"><br /><br /> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="300" style="border: 1px solid #000 !important; margin: 6px 0 !important"> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="padding: 4px !important; background: #fff !important; text-align: center !important"> <strong><a href="http://www.quibblo.com/quiz/3cCb3FU/Soal-Biologi"><u><span style="font-size: 15px !important; font-weight: 700 !important; color: #000 !important; text-decoration: underline !importantfont-family:Arial;font-size:130%;color:#000000;">Soal Biologi</span></u></a> </strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" bg style="border-top: 1px solid #000 !important; padding: 4px !important; background: #eee !important; text-align: center !importantcolor:#eeeeee;"> <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#000000;"> <span style="font-size:7;"><strong style="font-size: 80px !important">100%</strong></span> <br /><span style="color: #000 !important">(3 out of 3 Questions Correct)</span> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" bg style="border-top: 1px solid #000 !important; padding: 4px !important; background: #fff !important; text-align: right !importantcolor:#ffffff;"> <span style="font-size: 10px !important; color: #000 !importantfont-family:Arial;font-size:78%;color:#000000;"> <a href="http://www.quibblo.com/"><u><span style="font-size: 10px !important; color: #000 !important; text-decoration: underline !importantfont-family:Arial;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">Fun quizzes</span></u></a>, <a href="http://www.quibblo.com/myspace-quizzes-surveys"><u><span style="font-size: 10px !important; color: #000 !important; text-decoration: underline !importantfont-family:Arial;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">surveys</span></u></a> & <a href="http://www.quibblo.com/blog-quizzes-surveys"><u><span style="font-size: 10px !important; color: #000 !important; text-decoration: underline !importantfont-family:Arial;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">blog quizzes</span></u></a> by <img src="http://static.quibblo.com/static/images/badge/logo.gif" align="middle" border="0" alt="Quibblo" style="vertical-align: middle !important; margin-left: 5px !important; border: none !important" /> </span> </td> </tr> </table><br /><object width="300" height="400" wmode="transparent" data="http://apps.quibblo.com/static/flash/qwidget/qwidget.swf?s=&theme=quibblo&quiz=3cCb3FU" allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="never" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"> <param name="movie" value="http://apps.quibblo.com/static/flash/qwidget/qwidget.swf?s=&theme=quibblo&quiz=3cCb3FU"> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="never"> <param name="allownetworking" value="all"> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"> <param name="bgcolor" value="ffffff"> </object><br /></div><img style="visibility:hidden;width:0px;height:0px;" border="0" width="0" height="0" src="http://counters.gigya.com/wildfire/IMP/CXNID=2000002.0NXC/bT*xJmx*PTEyMjg4OTYwMTkwNjImcHQ9MTIyODg5NjA*NjA3OCZwPTg3MzMxJmQ9d2lkZ2V*JTVGYmFkZ2UmZz*yJnQ9Jm89MjY1Y2U3NjU1Mjg2NGRkMjljOWZjOWFmM2U5MWJjNzg=.gif" />d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-40779126160147186312008-12-05T19:17:00.000-08:002008-12-05T19:19:30.857-08:00Domestikasi Ikan Pemalngi Sulawesi Telmatherina ladigesi melalui Habitat Buatan<p><span><i>Djamhuriyah S. Said, Triyanto, Sulaeman, Livia R Tanjung, Syahroma Husni,Supranoto</i> </span></p><p><span>Abstrak Ikan hias merupakan komoditas ekspor, dan kebutuhan ikan hias asli Indonesia terus meningkat. Kebutuhan tersebut selama ini dipenuhi umumnya dari hasil tangkapan dari alam, yang dapat mengakibatkan kepunahan. Domestikasi merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut. Dalam proses domestikasi diperlukan pengetahuan kondisi lingkungan dari habitat dan karakteristik biologi ikan, yang merupakan acuan dalam menyiapkan media serta dalam proses budidaya dan pengembangan selanjutnya. Rekayasa habitat atau aplikasi habitat buatan adalah pendekatan ekologis dan biologis yang diterapkan dalam upaya domestikasi tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap ikan hias Pelangi Sulawesi (T. ladigesi), yang endemis di daerah Maros-Sulawesi Selatan. Pada tahap awal dilakukan pengkajian karakteristik ekologis dan biologis ikan. Tahap berikutnya adalah aplikasi habitat alami pada kondisi terkontrol, dan dilakukan pengkajian tingkat adaptasi ikan tersebut. Tahap akhir adalah optimasi domestikasi melalui beberapa perlakuan (fisik, kimiawi, biologis). Pada tahun I (2005) telah dilakukan pengamatan pada 10 sungai (habitat ikan tersebut) di Kab. Maros, Gowa, Bone, Sopeng, dan Pangkep. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah posisi geografis, data fisikokimia habitat, kondisi lingkungan dan biologis ikan. Terdapat kecenderungan penurunan populasi, bahkan di beberapa tempat tidak ditemukan lagi ikan tersebut. Kondisi Tingkat Kematangan gonad, rasio seks, sebaran ukuran bervariasi pada lokasi yang berbeda. Hasil akhir yang diharapkan dari kegiatan ini adalah terlaksananya domestikasi dan pengembangan ikan T. ladigesi pada habitat buatan sehingga keberadaannya tetap lestari (kepunahan dapat dicegah) dan kebutuhannya terpenuhi.</span></p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-83778138256974269842008-12-05T19:16:00.000-08:002008-12-05T19:17:10.460-08:00Permasalahan Lingkungan Hidup<p>Permasalahan lingkungan hidup terdiri dari permasalahan lingkungan global dan sektoral. Contoh permasalahan lingkungan global adalah: pertumbuhan penduduk, penggunaan sumber daya alam yang tidak merata; perubahan cuaca global karena berbagai kasus pencemaran dan gaya hidup yang berlebihan; serta penurunan keanekaragaman hayati akibat perilaku manusia, yang kecepatannya meningkat luar biasa akhir-akhir ini. Contoh permasalahan lingkungan sektoral dibahas masalah lingkungan yang terjadi di Indonesia. Masalah tersebut terjadi pada berbagai ekosistem, seperti yang terjadi di kawasan pertanian, hutan, pesisir, laut, dan perkotaan. </p> <p>Adapun usaha mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dilakukan dengan berbagai pendekatan. Pendekatan yang dibahas adalah cara ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, ekonomi, penegakan hukum, dan etika lingkungan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan yang menjadi sangat kompleks diperlukan berbagai upaya pendekatan sekaligus secara sinergis.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-2253696935991747982008-12-05T19:15:00.000-08:002008-12-05T19:16:24.617-08:00Pengantar Ilmu Lingkungan<p>Ilmu Lingkungan adalah suatu studi yang sistematis mengenai lingkungan hidup dan kedudukan manusia yang pantas di dalamnya. Perbedaan utama ilmu lingkungan dan ekologi adalah dengan adanya misi untuk mencari pengetahuan yang arif, tepat (valid), baru, dan menyeluruh tentang alam sekitar, dan dampak perlakuan manusia terhadap alam. Misi tersebut adalah untuk menimbulkan kesadaran, penghargaan, tanggung jawab, dan keberpihakan terhadap manusia dan lingkungan hidup secara menyeluruh. Timbulnya kesadaran lingkungan sudah dimulai sejak lama, contohnya Plato pada 4 abad Sebelum Masehi telah mengamati kerusakan alam akibat perilaku manusia. Pada zaman modern, terbitnya buku Silent Spring tahun 1962 mulai menggugah kesadaran umat manusia. </p> <p>Di Indonesia tulisan tentang masalah lingkungan hidup mulai muncul pada 1960-an. Sejak itu Indonesia terus aktif mengikuti pertemuan puncak yang membicarakan tentang lingkungan hidup secara global, yaitu Konferensi Stockholm pada 1972; Earth Summit di Rio de Janiero tahun 1992; dan WSSD di Johannesburg, tahun 2002. Ilmu lingkungan meliputi hubungan interaksi yang sangat kompleks sehingga untuk memudahkan mempelajarinya dilakukan berbagai pendekatan, antara lain: homeostasis, energi, kapasitas, simbiosis, sistem, dan model.</p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738545059368839590.post-67439133598325849382008-12-05T19:14:00.000-08:002008-12-05T19:15:15.341-08:00Jaringan pada Tumbuhan<p align="justify"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">STRUKTUR TUMBUHAN </span></b></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Times Roman;font-size:85%;color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seperti pada hewan, tubuh tumbuhan pun terdiri dari sel-sel. Sel-sel tersebut akan berkumpul membentuk jaringan, jaringan akan berkumpul membentuk organ dan seterusnya sampai membentuk satu tubuh tumbuhan. Di sini akan dibahas macam-macam jaringan dan organ yang membentuk tubuh tumbuhan.</span></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Jaringan tumbuhan dapat dibagi 2 macam :</span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">1. Jaringan meristem<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">2. Jaringan dewasa</span></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">JARINGAN MERISTEM</span></b></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Jaringan meristem adalah jaringan yang terus menerus membelah.<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Jaringan meristem dapat dibagi 2 macam<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;"><b>1. Jaringan Meristem Primer</b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Jaringan meristem yang merupakan perkembangan lebih lanjut dari pertumbuhan embrio.<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Contoh: ujung batang, ujung akar.<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Meristem yang terdapat di ujung batang dan ujung akar disebut meristem apikal.<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Kegiatan jaringan meristem primer menimbulkan batang dan akar bertambang panjang.<br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Pertumbuhan jaringan meristem primer disebut <b>pertumbuhan primer.</b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Times Roman;font-size:85%;color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>2. Jaringan Meristem Sekunder<br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;"><br /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">Jaringan meristem sekunder adalah jaringan meristem yang berasal dari jaringan dewasa yaitu kambium </span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">dan kambium gabus. Pertumbuhan jaringan meristem sekunder disebut pertumbuhan sekunder. Kegiatan </span><span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;color:#000000;">jaringan meristem menimbulkan pertambahan besar tubuh tumbuhan.</span></p>d'Archhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17509568078402573689noreply@blogger.com0